Mindon min biography of george

Death and funeral of King Mindon of Burma

Mindon Min, the tenth king of the Konbaung Kingdom, died in Mandalay Palace at the age of 64 on the afternoon of 1 October (6th waxing day of Thadingyut, M.E.).

A mourning period of seven days preceded his funeral, which took place on 7 October.

Mindon Min was the penultimate king of Burma (Myanmar) from to He was one of the most trendy and revered kings of Burma. Under his half brother King Pagan, the Second Anglo-Burmese War in ended with the annexation of Lower Burma by the British Empire.

His son Thibaw was proclaimed the new monarch by the Hluttaw (royal parliament).

Mindon Min was the first to break a tradition of putting cremation ashes into a velvet bag which was then thrown into the river; his remains were not cremated, but instead were buried intact, according to his wishes, at the place where his tomb still stands.

Mindon's was the last funeral of a Burmese monarch to take place within the kingdom, since his successor, Thibaw, was dethroned by the British Empire in the Third Anglo-Burmese War and sent to Ratnagiri, India, on 29 November

Health issues and death

Reigning since middle age, King Mindon's health began to become unstable in his 60s.

Since 26 August , the king had been treated for flatulence in a golden chamber on the north side of the Glass Palace under the supervision of Hsinbyumashin, who controlled the king's last days. Other than close companions Taungsaungdaw Mibaya, Seindon Mibaya, Letpanzin Mibaya, Tharazein Mibaya, Lècha Mibaya, Nganzun Mibaya, Thanazayit Mibaya and Palepa Ywaza, no one was allowed to enter the chamber.

Mindon Min reigned was the most able—and modern—of the Konbaung kings, the last Burmese dynasty. Eight years after his death, however, that portion of Burma still under Burmese rule fell to Britain as a result of the Third Anglo-Burmese War. Half brother of King Pagan Min, who occupied the throne at the start of the short Second Anglo-Burmese War inMindon Min was opposed to the war and, with others, displaced Pagan and sought to achieve an honorable settlement with the British and to minimize the possibility of further Burmese territory falling under British control. The war had resulted from provocative behavior by the governor of a Burmese province and had given the British just the pretext they wanted to extend their presence in Burma.

The king was examined by a royal medical team consisting of Sara Lankara from Sri Lanka, Bawuppakatha and other physicians from across the country.

In September, as meritorious deeds for the king, the obeying were performed: offerings were donated to every pagoda, Buddha image and Bodhi Tree in the capital; all prisoners were released, regardless of their crimes; birds and fish were set free; and both Buddhist and worldly yadaya rituals were carried out.

After 25 years, 6 months and 25 days on the throne, the king – 64 years, 2 months and 18 days old – died on 1 October after 2 pm MST.^{[nb 1]} In the last minutes of his death, the king reportedly kept in mind Buddhist sermons such as the three marks of existence,^{[nb 2]} the ten collections of Anussati and the Maranānussati.

A list of the king's annual million gold kyat donations was read continuously.

Omens of death

Many inauspicious events were reported in the days before the king's death. Vultures were seen on the roofs of the left wing of the palace and the Byedaik (Privy Council) Building; bees swarmed around the southern part of the Great Audience Hall; continuous earthquakes rumbled; the turrets of the palace wall suddenly collapsed; rain seeped out of the wall of the Kuthodaw Pagoda, built by the king for merit; a tiger roamed into the Mahadhammikayama Monastery; wards in the capital caught fire day after day for over a month; aureole surrounded pagodas in Sagaing and Amarapura; Jupiter rose as a morning star (or turned red);^{[nb 3]} Jupiter and Venus made a close approach to the Moon; unusual atmosphericoptical phenomena occurred; a meteor fell from southeast to northwest; without signs of rain, clouds collided and sent out lightning; a person who was mentally ill came into the Nathaphyu (lit.&#;'sandalwood') Hall where the king used to stay; a dog was born under the palace platform; heavenly music was heard above the chamber after 6 pm; nat spirits wept at the second laethee^{[nb 4]} of the Glass Palace; a natthamee (female spirit) was seen crying in a prone position on the throne at the Glass Palace; the public was heard to be in uproar at midnight; and people in marketplaces became frightened spontaneously.

Preparation for the funeral

As a mark of respect, the Bahozin (Clock Tower) did not operate until 8 October; instead, a nayee (set of graduated gongs) was played to show the time.

News of the king's death was sent to Pagan Min, his abdicated predecessor, at once.

For the next seven days, all mibayas (consorts), princes, princesses, ministers, officers, and their wives had to wear white clothes as a sign of mourning.

The following letter was sent to Queen Victoria by Thibaw:

Royal Friend!

Whilst between the Burmese Royal dominions and the English Ruler's Royal dominions the state of continuous Raja-Mahamit, between two wonderful countries was firm and unforgettable, sickness fastened upon His Most Great and Excellent Majesty, my Royal Father the Excellent Rising Sun King, against which, notwithstanding that his Minister in consultation with physician prescribed various medicines, he could not be free [or get rest], and on the 6th day of Waxing Moon Thadingyut of the Burmese Era migrated to the region of the gods-profoundly regretted and mourned by his queens, royal sons and daughters, ministries and by all the people of the country.

Mindon Min was born on July 8, in Inwa, Burma. Half brother of King Pagan Min, who occupied the throne at the launch of the short Second Anglo-Burmese War inMindon Min was opposed to the war and, with others, displaced Pagan and sought to achieve an honorable settlement with the British and to minimize the possibility of further Burmese territory falling under British control. The war had resulted from provocative behavior by the governor of a Burmese province and had given the British just the pretext they wanted to extend their presence in Burma. Mindon Min, who had left the Buddhist monkhood for the throne in a honest bid for peace, signalized his goodwill by releasing all Europeans imprisoned by the Burmese.

I believe and hope that the mind of Her Most Wonderful and Excellent Majesty the Queen will be thus [that is, will share in the regret].

Bathing rite

The body of the king was ritually bathed under the direction of his consorts; liquid was offered by the commander of the northern Dawe Chamber (Royal Guard Room),^{[nb 5]} a minister of shields^{[nb 6]} and a thandawsint.^{[nb 7]}

Construction of tomb

Before he died, the king left instructions that his body should be buried and not cremated, thus breaking the time-honoured custom of burning the dead bodies of members of the royal family.^[16]Wundauk^{[nb 8]} Mingyi Maha Minhla Mingaung Yaza, Myoza (Duke) of Yang Aung Myin, and an okewun (အုတ်ဝန်; lit.&#;'minister of bricks') were ordered to oversee the construction of a mausoleum in the northern grounds of the palace.

Lying in state

The eight hti byus (white umbrellas) on each side of the Lion Throne at the Royal Audience Hall were raised by Minye Kyawhtin, Prince of Hlaingdak, Minye Nara, Prince of Seindon Hléoke, and Minye Minhla, Prince of Pwedaingkyaw Hléoke.

Following the instructions from Minye Nyunt, Prince of Swedawoke, a thandawsint, a maha layzedaw, an asaungdawmyè, and a mingann tikesoe (manager of royal appurtenances), the royal appurtenances displayed beside the throne were taken and placed on glass mosaic-embedded four-legged stands to the left side of the body's head.

At noon on 3 October, the lying in state was officially started after opening the 11 doors of the Glass Palace.

All gates in the walls primary to the city were opened for the public to disburse their respects to the king; however, only the royals who Hsinbyumashin allowed could view the body. The body was housed in a gilded tin coffin which was nested inside a gilded wooden one.

The body was dressed to resemble Brahma. On 3, 5, and 6 October, Pagan Min and his queen paid tribute to the late king. Thibaw made daily devotional offerings to his father by sprinkling popcorn and flowers on the coffin.

State funeral

At 8 am on 7 October, the coffin was placed on a bier and was covered with 8 white htis.

Thibaw watched as the bier was carried from the northern stair of the Glass Palace, passing the Primary Main Sanu Hall,^{[nb 9]} to the Lephetyaydaw Hall,^{[nb 10]} and then to the Northern Samote Hall.^{[nb 11]}

The front of the bier was carried by Mindon's consorts and daughters, Kanaung's daughters, and maids of honour; the middle-class princes, the myinhmue princes and the maha layzedaws were stationed on each side, since all senior princes had been arrested.

Taingda Princess - Wikipedia: Mindon Min (Burmese: မင်းတုန်းမင်း, pronounced [mɪ́ɰ̃dóʊɰ̃ mɪ́ɰ̃]; – ), [1] [note 1] born Maung Lwin, was the penultimate king of Burma (Myanmar) from to [3] He was one of the most popular and revered kings of Burma because of his role in Fifth Buddhist Council.

The procession was monitored by Hsinbyumashin, the Princess of Mai Noung, the Princess of Myadaung, the Princess of Yamethin, the Princess of Salin, the Princess of Meiktila, the Princess of Moemeik and Taungsaungdaw Mibaya in the back.

They were followed by other mibayas and princesses, all passing through the western stair of the Samote Hall.

Thibaw wore ceremonial clothing which consisted of a silver magaik (Imperial crown) and a silver duyin with silver jingle bells decorating the lining, which was embroidered with silver silk in the shapes of a star, a jackfruittubercle and a gourdtendril, in the style of Brahma.

He was carried in a palanquin which was placed in front of the Southern Samote Hall, accompanied, in a lower stage of the same palanquin, by the Princess of Hingamaw, the Princess of Madaya, the Princess of Taingda and the Princess of Yingè, two before him and two behind him.

This was followed by atwinwuns (lit.&#;'Ministers of the Interior') and thandawsints holding their daggers and fly-whisks.

As the royal army, on each side of the palanquin, arrived at the southeastern and southwestern sides of the pyre, the palanquin, originally facing north, was turned to the east in order to face the pyre.

Mindon Min born Maung Lwin 8 July in Amarapura, died 1 October in Golden Palace, Ava, was the penultimate king of Myanmar from until he died at age 70, and was one of the most popular and revered kings of Burma.

When the palanquin stopped, Atwinwun Mingyi Minhla Maha Sithu, Myoza of Wetmasut, facing north, called a tinhtein yanhmue,^{[nb 12]} who stood nearby, "Lubyo" (lit.&#;'virgin') thrice.

As the tinhtein yanhmue approached him, the Myoza of Wetmasut, while saying "Nagandaw Khawdaw", went behind the tinhtein yanhmue, then to the coffin. With joined hands he called the Nagandaw,^{[nb 13]} who was wearing white ornamental ear-plugs and a white gaung baung (turban) and sitting on a lanbitin thinbyuu (lit.&#;'6-foot long beaded mat'), "Khawdaw" thrice.

Then the Myoza of Wetmasut referred to Thibaw's remark calling for the late king's body to be interred in the tomb. After the Nagandaw read the statement to the public, Thibaw returned to the palace.

Aftermath

When he returned to the Southern Samote Hall, Thibaw changed his magaik and duyins and cleaned his nails.

Mindon and his younger brother Kanaung overthrew their half brother King Pagan. He spent most of his reign trying to defend the upper part of his state from British encroachments, and to modernize his kingdom. He studied at the Maha Zawtika monastic college in Amarapura until the age of 23, and he held deep respect for religion and religious scholarship throughout his entire life. Mindon grew up in the shadow of British control — bythe year of his coronation, Burma had gone through radical changes.

His hair was washed with traditional tayaw kinpun shampoo by his birthday twins.^{[nb 14]} As soon as she returned to the Tabindaing Chamber, the Princess of Salin, who was designated the future Chief Queen by the tardy king,joined a Buddhist order of nuns.

Three ladies in waiting – Kyauktaw Ywaza, Thazi Ywaza, Thayettaw Ywaza – were jailed for assisting her to carry out so. After 1 am next morning, an earthquake struck.

Foreign attendees

Foreign diplomats residing in the capital were invited to pay their respects to the late king on 4 October, between 6 and 9 Barkley Shaw, the English resident at that period, reported that "several Englishmen attended, saw the body lying in couch dressed as in being, and fanned by the queens and princesses who sat around".

Armenian, French, Italian, Muslim and Chinese representatives were also admitted, in that order.

On 6 October, Prime Minister Kinwun Mingyi informed them that the state funeral would be held on the following day. Shaw, together with T.

C. Davis, Assistant Resident, James Alfred Colbeck, missionary priest for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and Dr Clement Williams, an English merchant, set out at 9 am. They were later united by Audreino, the Italian consul.

Shaw chronicled his experience at the funeral for the use of the Government of British India.

It was said by Desai, in his King Mindon's Funeral, that Shaw's words unexpectedly became a reference work for students of Burmese history, 80 years after he had written them. Colbeck also wrote about the king's death and funeral in his letters, which were printed later as Mandalay in – The Letters of James Alfred Colbeck.

Notes

References

Citations

Sources

• Aye Thant, Maung ().

  ဘုန်းတော်ကြီးကောလ်ဘက်၏ ရတနာပုံနန်းတွင်းရေးရာပေးစာများ [Letters of Reverend Colbeck about Yadanabon Court] (in Burmese) (1st&#;ed.). Yangon: Yadanabon Publishing House.

• The Mandalay Palace(PDF). Rangoon: Directorate of Archaeological Survey.

  Archived from the original(PDF) on 28 January Retrieved 13 July