Achmed sukarno wikipedia
United States of Indonesia
– federal mention in Southeast Asia
The United States of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia Serikat, Dutch: Verenigde Staten van Indonesiëlit.&#;'Republic of the United States of Indonesia';[a] abbreviated as RIS or RUSI, also known as Federal Republic of Indonesia) was a short-lived federal state to which the Netherlands formally transferred sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies (except Netherlands New Guinea) on 27 December following the Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference.
This transfer ended the four-year clash between Indonesian nationalists and the Netherlands for control of Indonesia. It lasted less than a year, before being replaced by the unitaryRepublic of Indonesia.
Kusno Sosrodihardjo (Surabaya, 6 de junio de - Yakarta, 21 de junio de ), 1 más conocido como Sukarno, fue un político, nacionalista y revolucionario indonesio y el primer presidente de la República de Indonesia () tras la independencia del archipiélago.
Background
See also: Indonesian War of Independence, Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference, and United Nations Security Council Resolution 67
In January , the Japaneseinvaded the Dutch East Indies, displacing the Dutch colonial government.
On 17 August , two days after the Japanese surrender, Indonesian nationalist leader Sukarno declared Indonesian independence. The Dutch, viewing Sukarno and the Indonesian leaders as having collaborated with the Japanese, decided to restore their authority.
However, British South East Asia Command, under Lord Louis Mountbatten, who had responsibility for the Dutch East Indies, refused to allow Dutch troops to land in Java and Sumatra and recognised de facto Republican authority there. However, the Dutch were able to reassert manage over most of the area previously occupied by the Japanese Navy, including Borneo and the Great East.
Discussions between the British and the Dutch resulted in Acting Governor-General of the Dutch East IndiesHubertus van Mook proposing eventual self-determination for an Indonesian commonwealth. In July , the Dutch organised the Malino Conference in Sulawesi at which representatives from Borneo and eastern Indonesia backed the proposal for the federal United States of Indonesia with links to the Netherlands.
It would comprise four elements, Java, Sumatra, Dutch Borneo and the Great East. This was followed on 15 November by the Linggadjati Agreement, in which the Dutch recognised de facto republican control over Sumatra, Java and Madura, and the Republic of Indonesia agreed to the principle of a federal Indonesia in which it would be one state.
The Dutch then organised the December Denpasar Conference, which led to the establishment of the&#;State of East Indonesia, followed by a mention in West Borneo in
Military action by the Dutch launched on 20 July against areas controlled by the Indonesian republicans, Operation Product, resulted in the Dutch regaining control of West and East Java, the areas around Medan, Palembang and Padang in Sumatra.
The United Nations called for a ceasefire, and negotiations between the two sides led to the Renville Deal of January , with a ceasefire along the "Van Mook Line", which connected the most advanced Dutch positions. The Dutch then established states in the areas they had reoccupied, including East Sumatra (December ), Madura and West Java (February ), South Sumatra (September ) and East Java (November ).
The leaders of these regions then established the Federal Consultative Assembly.
A second Dutch military action, Operation Kraai, aimed at destroying the Republic, was launched on 18 December Despite recapturing the major cities of Java, including the republican capital of Yogyakarta, and all of Sumatra except Aceh in the far north, it triggered the protest resignation of the cabinets of the Articulate of East Indonesia and Pasundan (West Java) and the Sultan of Yogyakarta from his position as regional head.
There was also pressure from the Merged States and the United Nations, in particular in the establish of a Security Council resolution. The Dutch agreed to negotiations with Indonesia to arrange a transfer of sovereignty. The Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference took place in The Hague from August to November and resulted in the Dutch agreeing to hand over sovereignty to the Dutch East Indies, except for Western New Guinea.
However, many Indonesian nationalists believed that the Dutch had insisted on a federal state in an attempt to weaken or even break up the new nation, a manifestation of a "divide and conquer" strategy. Nevertheless, on 27 December , sovereignty was transferred to the United States of Indonesia.
Governance
See also: List of members of the Senate of the Joined States of Indonesia
The RIS had a bicameral legislature.
The People's Representative Council consisted of 50 representatives from the Republic of Indonesia and from the various states according to their populations. The Senate had two members from each constituent part of the RIS regardless of population, making 32 members in total.
The state was governed according to the Federal Constitution of , which had been drawn up on the sidelines of the Round Table Conference. It had a cabinet of 16 members, led by Prime Minister Hatta.
Constituent entities
The RIS comprised sixteen main entities: seven states (negara), including the "Republic of Indonesia" consisting of parts of Java and Sumatra (a combined population of over 31 million); and the nine formerly directly-ruled territories (neo-lands, Dutch: neo-landschappen).
Apart from the Republic of Indonesia, all these constituent entities, which had populations between , and 11 million, were established by the Dutch. Also included were some smaller entities not seen as viable as distinct political entities.
| Name | Established | Capital | Area (sq km) | Dissolved | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republic of Indonesia | 17 August | Yogyakarta | - | - | - |
| States | |||||
| East Indonesia | 24 December | Makassar | , | 17&#;August | Longest-lasting state |
| East Sumatra | 25 December | Medan | 17, | 17&#;August | Along with East Indonesia, the last state to be dissolved |
| Madura | 20 February | Pamekasan&#; | 5, | 9&#;March | State |
| Pasundan | 25 February | Bandung | 35, | 11&#;March | State |
| South Sumatra | 2 September | Palembang | 74, | 24&#;March &#; | State |
| East Java | 27&#; November | Surabaya | 22, | 9&#;March &#; | State |
| Autonomous entities | |||||
| West Borneo | 12 May | Pontianak | , | 22 April | |
| East Borneo | 12 May | Samarinda | , | 24&#;March | Federation |
| Great Dayak | 3 June | Banjarmasin | , | 4&#;April | Neo-land |
| Bandjar | 14 January | - | 26, | 4&#;April | |
| Southeast Borneo Federation | March | - | 14, | 4&#;April | Federation |
| Bangka | July | – | 12, | 4&#;April | Neo-land |
| Belitung | July | – | 4, | 4&#;April | Neo-land |
| Riau | July | – | 10, | 4&#;April | Neo-land |
| Central Java | 2 March [note 1] | Semarang | 14, | 9&#;March &#; | Undefined political entity |
| Other regions | |||||
| Kotawaringin | – | - | 20, | 4&#;April | Autonomous community |
| Padang | – | - | - | 9&#;March &#; | Autonomous collective |
| Sabang | – | – | - | 9&#;March &#; | Autonomous community |
| Djakarta Federal District | June | – | 3, | 11&#;March | – |
- ^Recognition by the Dutch authorities of the temporary representative body Schiller , p.&#;
Dissolution
From the outset, the majority of Indonesians were opposed to the federal system resulting from the Round Table Agreement.
The main reason was that the whole concept was associated with colonialism. However there were other reasons, including the feeling that a federal state lacked connection and would potentially lead to states seceding and that the Indonesian side had only approved it as a short-term strategy.
In addition, most of the non-republican areas were controlled by traditional rulers, who were seen as too pro-Dutch and anachronistic. Finally, there were insufficient ethnic or cultural ties between people in the individual states to overcome the dominance of Java.
For example, although the population of the State of Madura was entirely ethnic Madurese, almost as many Madurese lived in the ethnically mixed State of East Java, forming a substantial minority.
Even those who supported the idea of a federal declare wanted the form of it to be decided by the people of Indonesia through an elected Constitutional Assembly, rather by than the former colonial authority.
The Dutch also tried to convince Indonesians that a unitary state would mean Javanese domination, although without much success.
In Parade and April , all the constituents of the RIS except East Sumatra and East Indonesia dissolved themselves into the Republic.
From 3–5 May, a three-way conference between the State of East Indonesia, the State of East Sumatra and the Republic of Indonesia ended with a decision to merge the three entities into a single unitary state.
Soekarno adalah pemimpin perjuangan Indonesia untuk meraih kemerdekaan dari penjajah Belanda. Ia adalah pemimpin terkemuka gerakan nasionalis Indonesia selama masa kolonial dan menghabiskan lebih dari satu dekade di tahanan Belanda hingga dibebaskan oleh penjajah Jepang dalam Perang Dunia II.
On 19 May, an announcement was issued by the governments of the United States of Indonesia (representing the two remaining constituent states) and the Republic of Indonesia, which stated that all parties, "have reached an agreement to jointly create a unitary state as the transformation of the Republic of Indonesia proclaimed on 17 August ".
The United States of Indonesia was officially dissolved by President Sukarno on 17 August &#;&#; the fifth anniversary of his proclamation of independence&#;&#; and replaced by the unitaryRepublic of Indonesia.
See also
Notes
References
- Antlöv, Hans ().
"Federations-of-Intent in Indonesia". In Liddle, R. William (ed.). Crafting Indonesian Democracy.
Sukarno 6 Hunyo — 21 Hunyo [ 1 ] ay ang unang Pangulo ng Indonesiapaghahatid sa opisina mula hanggang Sukarno ay ang pinuno ng kanyang bansa sa pakikibaka para sa Pagsasarili mula sa Netherlands. Siya ay isang kitang-kitang mga lider ng Indonesia makabayan kilusan sa panahon ng olandes kolonyal na panahon, at na ginugol ng higit sa isang dekada sa ilalim ng Dutch sa pagpigil hanggang sa inilabas sa pamamagitan ng mga panghihimasok sa Hapon pwersa. Sukarno at ang kanyang mga kapwa nationalists collaborated upang kumamal ng suporta para sa mga pagsisikap digmaan mula sa mga populasyon, sa exchange para sa tulong ng mga Hapon sa kumakalat makabayan ng mga ideya.Penerbit Mizan. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
- Cribb, Robert (). "Democracy, self-determination and the Indonesian revolution". In Drakard, Jane (ed.). Indonesian Independence Fify Years On (Annual Indonesia Lecture Series No. 20).
Monash Asia Institute.
Sukarno [ d ] [ e ] 6 June — 21 June [ 5 ] was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesiaserving from to Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for self-rule from the Dutch colonialists. He was a prominent leader of Indonesia's nationalist movement during the colonial period and spent over a decade under Dutch detention until released by the invading Japanese forces in World War II. Sukarno and his fellow nationalists collaborated to garner help for the Japanese war endeavor from the population, in exchange for Japanese aid in spreading nationalist ideas.pp.&#;1– ISBN&#;.
- Cribb, Robert (). Historical Atlas of Indonesia. Curzon Press. ISBN&#;.
- Cribb, R.B; Kahin, Audrey (). Historical Dictionary of Indonesia. Scarecrow Press. ISBN&#;.
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"Peraturan Pemerintahan". Bestuurs-Vraagstukken (Soal2 Pemerintahan). 1 (4).
- Feith, Herbert () []. The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia. Singapore: Equininox Publishing (Asia) Pte Ltd. ISBN&#;.
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- Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung () [].
From the Formation of the State of East Indonesia Towards the Establishment of the United States of Indonesia. Translated by Owens, Linda.
Sukarno June 6, —June 21, was the first leader of independent Indonesia. Rather than supporting Indonesia's original parliamentary system, he created a "guided democracy" over which he held control. Sukarno was deposed by a military coup in and died under house arrest in Sukarno was born on June 6,in Surabayaand was given the name Kusno Sosrodihardjo.Yayasan Obor. ISBN&#;.
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(), Indonesia, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc
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- Reid, Anthony ().
"Indonesia: revolution without socialism". In Jeffrey, Robin (ed.).
Sukarno 6 June - 21 June was the first President of Indonesia. He helped the country beat its independence from the Netherlands. He was President from topresiding with mixed success over the country's rough switch to self-determination. Sukarno was forced to resign by one of his generals, Suharto.Asia: the Winning of Independence. Macmillan. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
- Ricklefs, M.C. () [], A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. (4th&#;ed.), Palgrave MacMillan, ISBN&#;
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Arthur (), The Formation of Federal Indonesia , The Hague: W. van Hoeve Ltd
- Simanjuntak, P. N. H. (). Kabinet-Kabinet Republik Indonesia: Dari Awal Kemerdekaan Sampai Reformasi (in Indonesian).Soekarno - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas: Sukarno was the leader of the Indonesian struggle for autonomy from the Dutch colonialists. He was a prominent leader of Indonesia's nationalist movement during the colonial period and spent over a decade under Dutch detention until released by the invading Japanese forces in World War II.
Jakarta: Djambatan. ISBN&#;.
- Wehl, David (). The Birth of Indonesia. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.