Homer hoyt geographer biography graphic organizer

Homer Hoyt

American economist

Homer Hoyt

Born()June 14,

Saint Joseph, Missouri, US

DiedNovember 29, () (aged&#;89)

Silver Spring, Maryland, US

OccupationEconomist
Known&#;for
TitleChief Land Economist for the Federal Housing Administration
Alma mater
Thesis&#;(One hundred years of land values in Chicago: The relationship of the progress of Chicago to the ascend of its land values, )
Doctoral advisorErnest Fisher
DisciplineReal estate economics

Homer Hoyt (June 14, – November 29, ) was an American economist known for his pioneering labor in land use planning, zoning, and real estate economics.[2] He conducted notable research on ground economics and developed an authoritative approach to the analysis of neighborhoods and housing markets.

His sector model of land utilize was influential in urban planning for several decades.

Homer Hoyt June 14, — November 29, was an American economist famous for his pioneering work in land use planningzoningand real estate economics. His sector model of land use was influential in urban planning for several decades. His legacy is controversial today, due to his prominent role in the development and justification of racially segregated housing policy and redlining in American cities. He went on to obtain a J.

His legacy is controversial today, due to his prominent role in the maturation and justification of racially segregated housing policy and redlining in American cities.[1][3]

Biography

Education

Hoyt was born in Saint Joseph, Missouri and attended the University of Kansas, graduating Phi Beta Kappa aged 18, with both an A.B.

and an A.M. He went on to earn a J.D. in and a Ph.D. in economics in , both from the University of Chicago.[2]

Career

Hoyt is notable for his numerous professional roles in academia, government, and the private sector.[3] In , he briefly became an economics instructor at Beloit College in Wisconsin before joining the War Trade Board as an economist.

Hoyt went on to serve on the faculty of the University of Delaware (), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (), and University of Missouri (), in addition to a brief stint as a statistician at AT&T (). From to , he worked as a consultant and real estate broker in Chicago while earning his Ph.D.

Between and , Hoyt served as the Chief Country Economist for the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), his most notable public service position. The newly-formed FHA hired Hoyt to progress "the first underwriting criteria — who is a good credit risk and who is not."[4] At the FHA, Hoyt pioneered the use of maps for business decision making and universal policy analysis.[3] Hoyt adapted his dissertation work to understand the spatial distribution of property standards and mortgage risks.

Homer Hoyt pioneered academic and applied concrete estate market analysis in the mid 20th century. Academics understand him primarily for his sector theory of urban land development.

Supported by Hoyt's research and recommendations, the FHA developed the policy of redlining, the refusal to loan money or allowing minorities to purchase homes in white neighborhoods and the inclusion of racial covenants in property deeds.[1][5] In a FHA record , Hoyt argued that segregation was an obvious necessity and that racially-mixed neighborhoods result in decreased land values.[1] Hoyt also published a list of racial groups and ranked them from positive to negative influence on property values: "1.

English, Scotch, Irish, Scandinavians, 2. North Italians, 3. Bohemians or Czechs, 4. Poles, 5. Lithuanians, 6. Greeks, 7. Russians, Jews (lower class), 8. South Italians, 9. Negroes, Mexicans."[4] The FHA subsequently justified the practice of redlining to the public by claiming that a purchase of a home by a black person in a white neighborhood would cause the value of the white-owned properties to decline, making their owners more likely to default on their mortgages.[1]

After leaving the FHA, Hoyt went on to perform as Director of Research for the Chicago Plan Commission () and Director of Economic Studies for the New York Regional Plan Association ().[2][3] He also taught as a visiting professor at MIT and Columbia University.

Biography Research Report Project Template | Graphic ...: Homer Hoyt (June 14, – November 29, ) was an American economist known for his pioneering serve in land use planning, zoning, and real estate economics. [2] He conducted notable research on land economics and developed an influential approach to the study of neighborhoods and housing markets.

In , he founded Hoyt Associates, a prominent land exploit and real estate consulting sturdy with a specialization in site selection for shopping malls. In , Hoyt established the Homer Hoyt Institute, a nonprofit analyze and education foundation with a mission to improve the quality of public and private genuine estate decisions.[6]

Research

Hoyt's doctoral dissertation, "One hundred years of land principles in Chicago: The relationship of the growth of Chicago to the rise of its country values, ," is among the most cited dissertations of all time and is still cited regularly today.[3][7]

Hoyt made a number of theoretical contributions to territory economics and urban planning.[3] First, he developed a novel approach to the historical analysis of land values that utilized first data and mapping techniques, termed "overlay mapping." The approach correlated racial characteristics of a population with land value, so that when mortgage lenders used his data to assess the uncertainty a neighborhood posed for loans, they often refused loans in neighborhoods with predominantly non-white populations, a practice known as redlining.[8] Hoyt's work developed into the sector model, which replaced Ernest Burgess'concentric zone theory as the dominant theory of urban morphology, until it was itself supplanted by the multiple nuclei model.

Additionally, Hoyt refined the procedure of economic base analysis, which enabled municipal and state governments to assess potential population maturation based on the mix of basic and non-basic employment within their economies.

Hoyt was also an active contributor to the field of real estate appraisal. With co-author Arthur M. Weimer, Hoyt wrote the successful chat book Principles of Real Estate, which was published in seven editions.

For complaints, use another form. Study lib. Upload document Create flashcards. Flashcards Collections.

The Homer Hoyt Institute

In his later years, Hoyt sought to bridge the gap between academic economists and the real estate industry. Towards this end, Hoyt underwrote the formation of the Homer Hoyt Institute in The Institute remains active and prominent in the fields of land economics and real estate studies today.

Notable initiatives of the Institute include the Hoyt Academic Fellowship, the Maury Seldin Advanced Studies Institute, the Weimer School, and the Weimer School Fellowship.[9] Weimer School Fellows include many prominent academics in the field of real estate economics.

Selected publications

  • According to Hoyt; Fifty Years of Homer Hoyt / Articles on law, real estate cycle, economic base, sector theory, shopping centers, urban growth, – [Washington, D.C., ]
  • Autobiography of Homer Hoyt; Michael Hoyt and Jean Hoyt.

    Homer Hoyt was a land economist, a real estate appraiser, and a real estate consultant. In his long and accomplished experience, he conducted path-breaking research on land economics, developed an leading approach to the analysis of neighborhoods and housing markets, refined local area economic analysis, and was a major figure in the development of suburban shopping centers in the decades after World War II. His sector model of land use remains one of his most well-known contributions to urban scholarship. Hoyt attended the University of Kansas from which he graduated at the age of 18 with a Phi Beta Kappa key.

    No city: photocopy, Available at Avery Library, Columbia University.

  • "More Than Sector Theory: Homer Hoyt's Contributions to Planning Knowledge," Journal of Planning History 6, 3 () by Robert Beauregard.
  • The Structure and Growth of Residential Areas in American Cities; Homer Hoyt.

    Washington DC: Federal Housing Administration,

  • One Hundred Years of Land Ethics in Chicago; Homer Hoyt. Modern York&#;: Arno Press, , [c]

See also

References

  1. ^ abcdefRothstein, Richard ().

    The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America. Liveright. pp.&#;93– ISBN&#;.

  2. ^ abcCook, Joan (December 1, ).

    "HOMER HOYT, EARLY PLANNER OF URBAN SHOPPING CENTERS".

    Homer Hoyt: An Introduction. First Edition: January 29, Overview. Homer Hoyt. 1. pioneered academic and practitioner actual estate market analysis in the midth century. Academics know him primarily for his sector theory of urban land development, and for his classic. Years of Land Values in Chicago.

    New York Times. Retrieved May 25,

  3. ^ abcdefHomer Hoyt: An Introduction(PDF), January 29, , archived(PDF) from the original on March 9, , retrieved May 25,
  4. ^ abDedman, Bill ().

    "The Paint of Money"(PDF). The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.

  5. ^Winling, LaDale C; Michney, Todd M (June 1, ).

    This biography graphic organizer is a matchless way to ensure your students are keeping their information organized and focusing on the most important aspects of the person they're studying. This activity is great for biography projects and can easily serve as a note-taking tool for an essay or presentation. It can also serve as the biography plan itself! This graphic organizer is perfect for integrating literacy into other subjects, especially social studies.

    "The Roots of Redlining: Academic, Governmental, and Professional Networks in the Making of the Modern Deal Lending Regime". Journal of American History. (1): 42– doi/jahist/jaab ISSN&#;

  6. ^"Homer Hoyt Institute". Archived from the original on January 5, Retrieved May 25,
  7. ^"Google Scholar".

    Retrieved May 25,

  8. ^"Racial Restriction and Housing Discrimination in the Chicagoland Area". Digital Chicago History. Lake Forest College. Retrieved February 22,
  9. ^"Weimer School and Hoyt Academic Fellows".

    Retrieved May 25,

External links